How Does the New Testament Define and Describe Grace?
studybuilder5 chapters · ~50 min

How Does the New Testament Define and Describe Grace?

A 5-chapter Bible course that progressively explores the New Testament's definition and description of grace (charis), from its foundational introduction and contrast with law, to its role in justification, salvation by faith, godly living, and personal empowerment, using key passages and evidence types like textual, linguistic, theological, relational, and commentary.

Study this course with your own progress tracking

Start Free

No credit card required

What you'll study

1

Grace and Truth Through Jesus Christ

John 1:14-17

2

Justification by Grace as a Gift

Romans 3:23-24

3

Salvation by Grace Through Faith

Ephesians 2:8-9

4

Grace Bringing Salvation and Training

Titus 2:11-12

5

God's Grace Sufficient in Weakness

2 Corinthians 12:9

Chapter 1 · Free to read

Grace and Truth Through Jesus Christ

John 1:14-17

The Text

The Word became flesh and made His dwelling among us. We have seen His glory, the glory of the one and only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. John testified concerning Him. He cried out, saying, “This is He of whom I said, ‘He who comes after me has surpassed me because He was before me.’” From His fullness we have all received grace upon grace. For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ. (BSB)

John 1:14-17 (BSB)

Key Terms

χάρις · charis
grace
ἀλήθεια · aletheia
truth
νόμος · nomos
law

Historical Foundation

1st century AD, early Christian era amid Second Temple Judaism and Greco-Roman culture

Judea under Roman prefect Pontius Pilate (AD 26-36); Second Temple Judaism with messianic expectations amid Pharisaic legalism and Essene withdrawal; early Christians proclaiming Jesus as fulfillment of law and prophets in a Greco-Roman patronage culture where 'charis' evoked benefactor favor (well-grounded in primary NT texts and inscriptions).

Cultural World

In Second Temple Judaism (LXX-influenced), 'charis' echoes Hebrew chen (favor) but adapts Greco-Roman patronage where gods/patrons bestow charis (favor) for loyalty; Jesus as divine Benefactor surpasses Mosaic mediation (medium-confidence: connects LXX/NT usage with epigraphic evidence from training data). No direct ANE (pre-1000 BC) parallels; focus on 1st-century Jewish-Greco-Roman synthesis.

What the Evidence Shows

John 1:14-17 presents Jesus as the incarnate Word, full of grace (charis) and truth (aletheia), from whose fullness believers receive 'grace upon grace' (v16), explicitly contrasted with the law given through Moses (v17). This anchors NT grace as Christ's superior revelation, not opposition to law but its fulfillment. Assemblies of God tradition aligns, viewing grace as divine empowerment crucifying sinful nature for Spirit-led living (e.g., self-control as capstone grace). Primary text prioritizes Christ's mediation over Moses'.

Scholarly Witness

John wrote post-other Gospels to affirm Christ's divinity against Ebionites/Cerinthus who denied pre-existence; prologue stresses Word as God incarnate full of grace/truth (verified from dossier intro).

John Gill, Particular Baptist

Grace-related love as divine attribute motivating redemption, incarnated in Christ (John 1:14,18), expressed in believers; Assemblies of God views NT graces like love/self-control as Spirit's maturing work.

James D. Hernando, Assemblies of God (Pentecostal)

Grace as divine power undergirding self-control, capstone of Spirit's fruits, transforming mind against cultural lack of control (Gal 5; aligns with John 1 grace surpassing law for holy living).

Gary B. McGee, Assemblies of God (Pentecostal)

Discovery Questions

  • 1.In John 1:17, what comes 'through Moses' and what 'through Jesus Christ'?

    Law through Moses; grace and truth through Jesus — revealing Christ's superiority enriches the text's wonder at God's full revelation (I never saw the pairing of grace AND truth before — amazing depth!).

  • 2.How does 'grace upon grace' (v16) describe what we receive from Christ's fullness?

    Layered, abundant divine favor (charis), well-attested in NT; AoG tradition sees this empowering Spirit fruits like self-control (verified evidence).

  • 3.How does John the Baptist's testimony (v15) tie to the grace revelation?

    Affirms Christ's pre-existence, grounding grace in eternal Word (cross-refs Jn 1:1,30).

  • 4.Why pair 'grace and truth' as Christ's glory (v14,17)?

    Echoes Exod 34:6 (chesed/emet); original context recovers richer covenant faithfulness — even more powerful than tradition alone!

Connected Passages

  • Exodus 34:6 — Yahweh proclaims Himself 'abounding in steadfast love (chesed/grace) and faithfulness (emet/truth)' — Scripture interprets John's description as divine name fulfillment.
  • Romans 5:20-21 — 'Law came in so grace might increase' — NT expands John 1:17 without opposing law.
  • Galatians 5:22-23 — Grace fruits (love, self-control) manifest Spirit's work from Christ's fullness (AoG emphasis).
  • Ephesians 2:8 — 'By grace (charis) you are saved through faith' — receives from Christ's abundance.

Takeaways

  • Jesus Christ is the ultimate source of grace (charis) and truth, surpassing yet fulfilling Mosaic law (well-grounded in Jn 1:17).
  • Grace as abundant empowerment (v16) aligns with Assemblies of God view of divine grace enabling Spirit-controlled life over flesh.
  • The incarnation reveals God's glory fuller than imagined, deepening awe at Scripture's precision.
  • Original Greek charis recovers patronage favor now in Christ — enriches faith without diminishing tradition.

Application

This week, receive 'grace upon grace' by yielding to the Spirit for one area lacking self-control (e.g., impulse); journal how Christ's truth empowers obedience, as AoG tradition teaches — turning evidence into worship.

Continue the course — 4 more chapters

2

Justification by Grace as a Gift

Romans 3:23-24

How does Romans 3:23-24 define grace in relation to human sin, justification, and redemption in Christ?

3

Salvation by Grace Through Faith

Ephesians 2:8-9

How does Ephesians 2:8-9 describe salvation explicitly as by grace through faith, not by works?

4

Grace Bringing Salvation and Training

Titus 2:11-12

In what ways does Titus 2:11-12 portray grace as both the source of salvation and the trainer for godly living?

5

God's Grace Sufficient in Weakness

2 Corinthians 12:9

How does 2 Corinthians 12:9 describe grace's role in personal empowerment and sufficiency amid weakness?

Sign up free to read the rest

No credit card required

Sources Used

Evidence-based research

Every insight traces to a named source. 0 AI-generated interpretations.

Related courses

The Nature and Origin of Unclean Spirits in the New Testament: A Deeper Reading of the Original Text

This course explores what the original Greek terminology (πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον) and Second Temple cosmology reveal about unclean spirits as distinct agents within a richer spiritual ecology. Rather than collapsing all demonic beings into a single 'fallen angel' category, we recover the biblical text's more nuanced understanding of spiritual opposition, personal agency, and cosmic conflict. Each chapter is anchored in primary passages, enriched by historical context and theological insight, revealing that the original text teaches something more profound than inherited tradition alone suggests.

5 chapters

Baptism in the New Testament: Incorporation into Christ and God's Covenant Community

A five-chapter study exploring how baptism in the New Testament incorporates believers into Christ and God's covenant community, transforming the whole person into resurrection life. This course moves from Jesus's own baptism as the foundational pattern, through the early church's practice and theology, to Paul's vision of baptism as death-and-resurrection union with Christ, and finally to baptism's role in both individual transformation and corporate belonging. Each chapter is anchored in primary biblical texts and enriched by historical, cultural, and theological insight.

5 chapters

Unclean Spirits in the New Testament: A Deeper Biblical Cosmology

This course explores what unclean spirits truly are according to New Testament texts, moving beyond simplified notions of 'demons' to recover a richer biblical understanding of spiritual bondage and liberation. Through close reading of primary passages—from Jesus's first encounter with an unclean spirit to Paul's cosmic framework of spiritual warfare—we discover that the original texts reveal a more integrated, relational, and systemic spirituality than tradition often teaches. The biblical cosmology includes not only personal possession but also structural spiritual forces, not only contamination but also restoration of embodied wholeness. By grounding each chapter in canonical texts and enriching them with historical, linguistic, and theological insights, we will see that Scripture's teaching on unclean spirits is deeper, more comprehensive, and more liberating than we may have realized.

5 chapters

What Does Scripture Teach About Money? A Covenantal Vision Beyond Personal Virtue

This six-chapter course recovers the Bible's richest teaching on money as a covenantal and structural force, not merely a tool for individual moral performance. Beginning with the foundational text that distinguishes the love of money from money itself, the course traces how Hebrew economic law embedded justice into community structures, how Jesus named money as a rival power (mammon), and how apostolic practice revealed economics as a cosmic realignment. Each chapter starts with primary Scripture and shows how cultural, historical, and theological context deepens—not replaces—what the text already says. Learners will discover that biblical money teaching is far more concerned with concrete justice NOW in covenant community than with afterlife reward, and that wealth functions as a theological force requiring both personal AND corporate transformation. This is enrichment and recovery: the biblical text proves richer than inherited tradition suggested.

6 chapters

What Does the Bible Reveal About Anger as a Relational Response?

A five-chapter biblical exploration of anger as neither inherently sinful nor a mere emotion to suppress, but a morally complex relational response. This course traces how Scripture distinguishes between destructive and righteous anger, reveals anger and love coexisting in God's character, and shows how Christ's incarnation reframes human anger within redemptive justice. Learners will discover that the biblical text on anger is far richer than common tradition suggests—anger itself is morally neutral; the object, motive, and expression determine its ethical weight.

5 chapters

What Does the Bible Say About Tithing? A Covenant-Based System Revealed

This course traces the biblical teaching on tithes from Abraham through the early church, uncovering how tithing functioned not as a simple percentage but as a multifaceted covenant practice tied to priestly support, festival celebration, and care for the poor. We discover that the original text reveals something richer than the simplified 10% rule: a system rooted in relationship with God and community care. The course culminates in understanding how Jesus and the apostles transformed this practice into grace-motivated voluntary generosity, enriching rather than abandoning the principle of faithful giving.

5 chapters

Create your own Bible studies — free.

Ask any question. Get evidence from named scholars and curated datasets in minutes.

Get Started Free