
How Does the New Testament Define and Describe Grace?
A 5-chapter Bible course that progressively explores the New Testament's definition and description of grace (charis), from its foundational introduction and contrast with law, to its role in justification, salvation by faith, godly living, and personal empowerment, using key passages and evidence types like textual, linguistic, theological, relational, and commentary.
What you'll study
Grace and Truth Through Jesus Christ
John 1:14-17
Justification by Grace as a Gift
Romans 3:23-24
Salvation by Grace Through Faith
Ephesians 2:8-9
Grace Bringing Salvation and Training
Titus 2:11-12
God's Grace Sufficient in Weakness
2 Corinthians 12:9
Chapter 1 · Free to read
Grace and Truth Through Jesus Christ
John 1:14-17
The Text
The Word became flesh and made His dwelling among us. We have seen His glory, the glory of the one and only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. John testified concerning Him. He cried out, saying, “This is He of whom I said, ‘He who comes after me has surpassed me because He was before me.’” From His fullness we have all received grace upon grace. For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ. (BSB)
John 1:14-17 (BSB)
Key Terms
- χάρις · charis
- grace
- ἀλήθεια · aletheia
- truth
- νόμος · nomos
- law
Historical Foundation
1st century AD, early Christian era amid Second Temple Judaism and Greco-Roman culture
Judea under Roman prefect Pontius Pilate (AD 26-36); Second Temple Judaism with messianic expectations amid Pharisaic legalism and Essene withdrawal; early Christians proclaiming Jesus as fulfillment of law and prophets in a Greco-Roman patronage culture where 'charis' evoked benefactor favor (well-grounded in primary NT texts and inscriptions).
Cultural World
In Second Temple Judaism (LXX-influenced), 'charis' echoes Hebrew chen (favor) but adapts Greco-Roman patronage where gods/patrons bestow charis (favor) for loyalty; Jesus as divine Benefactor surpasses Mosaic mediation (medium-confidence: connects LXX/NT usage with epigraphic evidence from training data). No direct ANE (pre-1000 BC) parallels; focus on 1st-century Jewish-Greco-Roman synthesis.
What the Evidence Shows
John 1:14-17 presents Jesus as the incarnate Word, full of grace (charis) and truth (aletheia), from whose fullness believers receive 'grace upon grace' (v16), explicitly contrasted with the law given through Moses (v17). This anchors NT grace as Christ's superior revelation, not opposition to law but its fulfillment. Assemblies of God tradition aligns, viewing grace as divine empowerment crucifying sinful nature for Spirit-led living (e.g., self-control as capstone grace). Primary text prioritizes Christ's mediation over Moses'.
Scholarly Witness
John wrote post-other Gospels to affirm Christ's divinity against Ebionites/Cerinthus who denied pre-existence; prologue stresses Word as God incarnate full of grace/truth (verified from dossier intro).
Grace-related love as divine attribute motivating redemption, incarnated in Christ (John 1:14,18), expressed in believers; Assemblies of God views NT graces like love/self-control as Spirit's maturing work.
Grace as divine power undergirding self-control, capstone of Spirit's fruits, transforming mind against cultural lack of control (Gal 5; aligns with John 1 grace surpassing law for holy living).
Discovery Questions
1.In John 1:17, what comes 'through Moses' and what 'through Jesus Christ'?
Law through Moses; grace and truth through Jesus — revealing Christ's superiority enriches the text's wonder at God's full revelation (I never saw the pairing of grace AND truth before — amazing depth!).
2.How does 'grace upon grace' (v16) describe what we receive from Christ's fullness?
Layered, abundant divine favor (charis), well-attested in NT; AoG tradition sees this empowering Spirit fruits like self-control (verified evidence).
3.How does John the Baptist's testimony (v15) tie to the grace revelation?
Affirms Christ's pre-existence, grounding grace in eternal Word (cross-refs Jn 1:1,30).
4.Why pair 'grace and truth' as Christ's glory (v14,17)?
Echoes Exod 34:6 (chesed/emet); original context recovers richer covenant faithfulness — even more powerful than tradition alone!
Connected Passages
- Exodus 34:6 — Yahweh proclaims Himself 'abounding in steadfast love (chesed/grace) and faithfulness (emet/truth)' — Scripture interprets John's description as divine name fulfillment.
- Romans 5:20-21 — 'Law came in so grace might increase' — NT expands John 1:17 without opposing law.
- Galatians 5:22-23 — Grace fruits (love, self-control) manifest Spirit's work from Christ's fullness (AoG emphasis).
- Ephesians 2:8 — 'By grace (charis) you are saved through faith' — receives from Christ's abundance.
Takeaways
- Jesus Christ is the ultimate source of grace (charis) and truth, surpassing yet fulfilling Mosaic law (well-grounded in Jn 1:17).
- Grace as abundant empowerment (v16) aligns with Assemblies of God view of divine grace enabling Spirit-controlled life over flesh.
- The incarnation reveals God's glory fuller than imagined, deepening awe at Scripture's precision.
- Original Greek charis recovers patronage favor now in Christ — enriches faith without diminishing tradition.
Application
This week, receive 'grace upon grace' by yielding to the Spirit for one area lacking self-control (e.g., impulse); journal how Christ's truth empowers obedience, as AoG tradition teaches — turning evidence into worship.
Continue the course — 4 more chapters
Justification by Grace as a Gift
Romans 3:23-24
How does Romans 3:23-24 define grace in relation to human sin, justification, and redemption in Christ?
Salvation by Grace Through Faith
Ephesians 2:8-9
How does Ephesians 2:8-9 describe salvation explicitly as by grace through faith, not by works?
Grace Bringing Salvation and Training
Titus 2:11-12
In what ways does Titus 2:11-12 portray grace as both the source of salvation and the trainer for godly living?
God's Grace Sufficient in Weakness
2 Corinthians 12:9
How does 2 Corinthians 12:9 describe grace's role in personal empowerment and sufficiency amid weakness?
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Sources Used
Every insight traces to a named source. 0 AI-generated interpretations.
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